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Introduction As digital assets, distributed systems, and programmable financial instruments proliferate, policymakers face a structural—not cyclical—shift in the global monetary environment. Unlike prior episodes of financial innovation, the current transformation coincides with geopolitical fragmentation, declining trust in institutions, and accelerating technological diffusion. This literature review examines how scholarship on monetary sovereignty, institutional design, an

Introduction Cryptocurrency and distributed ledger technologies (DLTs) present policymakers with a paradox: systems that evolve at exponential technological speed while implicating institutions—money, law, sovereignty, trust—that evolve slowly by design. The policy challenge is therefore not merely regulatory classification or technical oversight, but the formulation of timeless policy frameworks capable of governing monetary innovation across decades rather than election cyc

Abstract This literature review examines the development of cryptocurrency regulatory and operational frameworks through the synthesis of academic research, international standard-setting, and national supervisory practice. Drawing on foundational economic and technical scholarship, the review traces how distributed ledger technologies shifted regulatory discourse from technology-centric novelty toward function- and activity-based financial regulation. The analysis integrates

Cryptocurrency and blockchain-based financial systems present policymakers with a dual mandate: safeguard consumers and financial stability while enabling innovation that may strengthen economic competitiveness and government capability. Effective regulation must therefore be principled, adaptive, and coordinated—rather than reactive or purely enforcement-driven. ​ This final article outlines policy solutions and strategic recommendations for building durable cryptocurrency r

As cryptocurrency adoption expands across financial markets, payments infrastructure, and consumer-facing applications, regulators are increasingly tasked with overseeing systems that do not align neatly with existing legal categories. While governments have begun responding, the regulatory landscape remains fragmented, both domestically and internationally, creating uncertainty for policymakers, market participants, and the public.   This article examines the current regulat

Cryptocurrency has rapidly transitioned from a niche technological experiment to a significant factor in the global financial ecosystem. For policymakers, understanding the fundamentals of cryptocurrency is essential to crafting regulations that protect consumers, maintain financial stability, and encourage innovation. ​ What is Cryptocurrency? At its core, cryptocurrency is a form of digital or virtual currency that relies on cryptography for security and operates independen